Hydrogels are introduced to modern medicine as novel materials suitable for a variety of biomedical applications. Studying hydrogels as novel biomaterials has become a fast-developing and exciting research field during the last two decades. These interesting biomaterials have found a wide range of application including contact lenses, vehicles for drug delivery and scaffold in tissue engineering and protein delivery systems. Traditionally hydrogels are formed by chemical crosslinking of water-soluble polymers or by polymerization of water-soluble monomers. However, these cross-linking methods lack biocompatibility with fragile molecules like pharmaceutical proteins and living cells. In all types of applications, the biocompatibility of hydrogels is the most important factor to be considered. Many newly developed hydrogels are designed to gel spontaneously under physiological conditions. In these systems, hydrogel formation occurs in situ, at the site of injection, without the aid of potentially toxic or denaturizing cross-linking agents. This review paper presents the chemical nature and biomedical applications of hydrogels.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the physicochemical properties and mineral substances of sugar. In this plan, the effect of exploitation time in the form of months (October, November, December and January) and days (1, 10, 20 and 30) of exploitation of each month on the characteristics of sugar such as solution color, pH, Brix and ash content It was analyzed with analysis of variance test using spss 26 software. The results showed that the color of the solution, Brix, sugar percentage and ash content were significant (p<0.05). The results of the analysis of the technological quality of beet pulp selected from 8 different regions by Betalyzer showed that the results of the three elements sodium, potassium and nitrogen show that the sugar beets of region H have the lowest amount of the mentioned elements and the sugar beet of region B has the highest amount of elements in They had the amount of millimol/100 grams of sugar beet pulp. On the other hand, the results of the amount of alkalinity, percentage of sugar or sucrose, extraction coefficient and molasses are among the results of the technological quality analysis of the samples of sugar beet pulp by Betalyzer, respectively 8.56 for the samples delivered from region A and 3.03 for the samples delivered from region H. In terms of sugar percentage and degree of extraction, region F has the highest amount compared to other regions, so that the percentage of sugar was 18.72 and the degree of extraction was 89.41, which is in contrast to the beets received from regions E, which have the lowest sugar percentage (13.7). percent) and extraction degree (84.47).

IntroductionCharacteristics of Badlands are the lack of vegetation, steep slopes and dense drainage network which are known as important sources of erosion and sediment production in the world. Heavy rains, scattered vegetation, low soil permeability, erodible materials, and steep slopes and slopes provide the conditions for badland faces. Badland erosion is affected by several soil properties, including surface soil depth, soil organic carbon content, organic matter status, soil texture and structure, available water holding capacity, and water transfer characteristics that determine soil quality. Cited. The extent of the influence of different physical and chemical factors of soil in the formation and spread of pustular erosion varies from point to point. Materials and MethodsThis study aimed to identify the most important factors of physical and chemical properties of soil and environmental factors and soil depth in the spread of badland erosion in Zanuzchay watershed. In this research, factors such as percentage of sand, silt and clay, PH, EC, SAR, organic matter, gypsum and soil lime in different altitude classes and the east-west direction and in three depths of 0-5, 5-30 and -30 60 Badland erosion faces were investigated. To investigate the effect of soil properties in different directions, altitudes and depths on the formation and development of badland in the study area, a systematic-random plan in the form of a factorial plan with two land use factors and altitudes, through analysis of variance and mean comparison was done by Duncan method. The normality of the data was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test. Gypsum and SAR variables that had an abnormal state were normalized using root and logarithm of numbers, respectively, and parametric statistical tests were performed on them. Analysis of variance and Duncan's method were used to determine the effect of soil factors on Badland face formation.Results and DiscussionThe results obtained from unpaired t-test and Leven to compare the mean differences of some physical and chemical properties of Badland soils in comparison with control soils showed that the variables pH, SAR, gypsum, clay percentage, silt percentage, and organic matter they are significant at the level of (0.01). According to the investigation of the relationship between the physical and chemical properties of the soil and the formation of the erosion of badlands, it has been determined that the formation of badlands has a direct relationship with the percentage of clay, pH, EC, organic matter and SAR and has an inverse relationship with the amount of lime and gypsum. The results show that with the increase in salinity, the conditions for the establishment of plants decrease, which plays a significant role in reducing the speed of raindrops and their penetration into the ground. The results showed that the chemical factors of the soil largely determine the erosion and formation of badlands. In such a way that with the increase of pH and EC, the tunnel erosion increases and with the increase of lime and gypsum, the amount of sediment formation decreases. The increase of fine clay particles increases the stickiness of marl soil and with the increase of resistance against water action, surface erosion prevails. The increase in soil salinity and sodium absorption ratio causes the creation of fine granular structures in the soil, which disintegrate as soon as moisture reaches them. High amounts of sodium reduce the water conductivity of the soil through the phenomena of swelling and dispersion of clay minerals. The stability and resistance of grain soil decreases with the increase of sodium absorption ratio and as a result, soil erosion is intensified. Organic matter has a vital role on the chemical, physical and biological properties of soil, the change in the amount of organic matter due to its effect on biological activities, cation exchange, acidity and the amount of nutrients is one of the most important indicators of chemical and biological quality. It shows that organic matter plays an important role in the formation of soil grains and improves soil structure. The results obtained from Duncan's test show the difference between the means in different classes and directions and at depths of (0-5), (5-30), and less than 30 cm in both areas of Badland, and The control is at a significant level of 0.05. The results also showed that the average percentage of clay and sand at different heights have a significant difference at the level of 0.05. ConclusionConsidering the relationship between physical and chemical properties of soil with the formation of Badland erosive faces, many studies show that the formation of Badland has a direct relationship with the percentage of clay, pH, EC, organic matter, and SAR and is inversely related with the amount of lime and gypsum.

The waste of tea factories is a good source for extracting food colorants that can be replaced with synthetic colors in the food industry. The present study was designed and implemented at a semi-industrial scale to complete the results obtained from research that was previously conducted to determine the best extraction method with the highest performance and color stability from black tea wastes on a laboratory scale. Extracting color from the wastes of the tea factory was done using a reverse condensation system with water: ethanol solvent for 30 minutes and at the solvent boiling temperature. After purification and pasteurization, the extract was concentrated, and a part of it was converted into dried extract in a spray dryer. Quality assessments, including microbial, physicochemical, and marketability tests, were performed on the sample. The results demonstrated that the number of microorganisms and heavy metal elements in tea color did not exceed the standard limit. The amount of antioxidant activity, total polyphenol, and caffeine were 94.5 %, 18.3 and 4.7 % in solid color and 49.7, 2.8 and 0.4 % in liquid color, respectively. In the sensory test, applying a solid and liquid color mixture in Gummy candy obtained a higher score (p≤0.05) from the evaluators. In their opinion, there was no significant difference between vinegar with tea color and vinegar with color available in the market. The extracted color can be prepared in liquid and solid form, increasing its usability in various food products.

Introduction: Honey is one of the most economically important bee products (Apismellifera) that is produced as a natural chemical from plants. Honey quality is mainly determined by its physicochemical and microbial properties, and the physicochemical properties of honey are specified in national and international standards. Honey ripening, harvest season, production and processing methods, climatic conditions, storage time and storage location and source of nectar (single or multiple flowers) have important effects on the quality, composition and biochemical properties of honey. These factors can have different physico-chemical properties. The main properties of honey are moisture, electrical conductivity, ash, reducing and non-reducing sugars, acidity, diastatic activity, hydroxymethylmorphoreal and proline content. In other words, the standards of honey in terms of microbial and health contamination of this product are deficient. In fact, many studies have been reported on the physicochemical properties of honey, but studies on microbial contamination are scarce. In this study, physicochemical properties (moisture, acidity, pH, soluble solids, diastase activity, electrical conductivity, ash, reducing sugars before and after hydrolysis, fructose to glucose ratio, sucrose, proline and hydroxymethylmfurfural), and microbial properties ( Mold, Yeast, and sulphite reducing Clostridium) in 30 honey samples of different plant origin (Milkvetch, Jujube, Thymes, Orange blossom, Multi flower) were analysed and compared with the Codex standard in order to classify different honeys and to specify the characteristics of each honey. Material and methods: In this study, 30 samples of honey with different plant sources (24 single flower and 6 multi flower) produced by Karnica bee were collected from Alborz province with the assistance of the Ministry of Agriculture's Ministry of Agriculture during 2017-2018. For this purpose, 10 beekeepers were selected from the Alborz Agricultural Jihad Organization. Honey samples were then harvested by random sampling and packed in glass bottles (500 g) and stored at-180C in the dark until the test. Physicochemical properties (moisture, soluble solids, pH, acidity, electrical conductivity, ash, reducing sugars, sucrose, fructose to glucose ratio, diastatic activity, hydroxymethylfurfural and proline) and microbial properties (Mold, Yeast, sulphite reducing Clostridium) were evaluated from various plant sources (Milkvetch, Jujube, Thymes, Orange blossom, Multi flower) and compared with the characteristics defined in the International Codex Standards. Results and discussion: There was no significant difference in soluble solids content of Milkvetch and Multi flower samples (P>0. 05). While other samples showed significant differences (p <0. 05). Honey samples beside the highest soluble solids and Orange blossom honey had the least soluble solids. The amount of soluble solids is related to the amount of sugar in honey and is an important indicator in the diagnosis of fraud. There was a significant difference between pH and acidity in different honey samples of different plant origin (P<0. 05). Orange blossom had the lowest pH and acidity and the honey had the highest pH and acidity. High acidity is the indicator of fermentation of sugars to organic acids. Electrical conductivity was significantly different in honey samples of different plant origin (P<0. 05). The electrical conductivity of Jujube was above the permissible limit (0. 8 ms/cm) and other samples were within acceptable range. The electrical conductivity of Jujube was higher than the permitted limit (0. 8 ms/cm) and other samples were within acceptable range, indicating that the honey samples were rich in flower pollen. Ash content in honey of different plant origin was not significantly different (P> 0. 05). The amount of ash was related to total minerals in honey and it was dependent on environmental, geographical and vegetative conditions. There was a significant difference in the amount of sugars before and after hydrolysis of the studied honey samples (P<0. 05). Orange blossom honey had the highest and the Jujube honey had the least amount of reducing sugars. The Orange blossom hony had the lowest sucrose content and the Jujube honey had the highest sucrose content. Sucrose content of Milkvetch, Jujube, Thymes, Orange blossom, and Multi flower honeis was exceeded as specified in Codex standard (maximum 5%). Fructose to glucose ratio was not significantly different in Milkvetch, and Jujube honeies (P>0. 05), while the other samples had significant differences (P<0. 05). The ratio of fructose to glucose was lower than the standard level (0. 9) in Milkvetch, and Jujube honeies. The results show that Orange blossom honey with higher fructose to glucose ratio has fewer tendencies to crystallization than other types of honey. Sucrose content in Milkvetch, Jujube, Thymes, and Multi flower honey samples exceeded the International Standard Codex limit (maximum 5%) (Codex 2001) and may be indicative of honey bee feeding or premature harvesting. Hydroxy methyl furfural content was not significantly different in Milkvetch, and Thymes honeis (P>0. 05), while other samples showed significant differences (P<0. 05). In all honey samples with the exception of Orange blossom the levels of hydroxymethylfurfural were higher than the maximum (40 mg / kg). Diastatic activity of the up and down specimens were not significantly different (P> 0. 05), while the other samples had a significant difference (P<0. 05). Samples of Astragalus, Quercus, Thyme and Multi flower had lower diastase activity than standard (minimum G0 8) and only the samples of spring honey were within acceptable range. Proline content in honey samples of different plant origin was significantly different (P<0. 05). Honey samples except of Milkvetch, and Jujube honeis had the proline content within the allowed range (minimum 180 m /kg). The amount of mold, and yeast in the analyzed honey samples was generally low, and the amount of sulphite reducing Clostridium was negative in all samples. Microbial contamination of honey samples was not dependent on plant origin and no significant differences were observed between the samples. Conclusion: The physicochemical properties (moisture, soluble solids, acidity, pH, electrical conductivity, ash, sucrose, fructose to glucose ratio, hydroxymethylfurfural and proline) were dependent on the plant origin of the honeycomb but, the microbial properties (Mold, Yeast, and sulphite reducing Clostridium) was not dependent on the origin of honey. Based on the results, it is recommended to review the standards regarding the physicochemical properties of honey with regard to its plant origin and to determine the acceptable limit standards for each of the attributes, to consider the origin of honey samples.

Background and objectives: Currently nearly 70% of the area under cultivation of a milliard hectares of the world, devoted to cereals as well as about half of the total dietary needs of people, especially in Asia directly from cereals sources. Factors affecting wheat quality includes the chemical, physical, Qualitative and farming. Since each grain products requires the use of flour with special characteristics, therefore each variety should be use for the production of a specific product. Thus identification the characterization of wheat is essential for select them for technological applications. In this study, chemical, physical and qualitative properties of varieties of wheat that they cultivation in the highest at the province Khuzestan, were studied.Material and methods: Wheat varieties cultivated in the province including Star, Falat, bayat, Attila, Karkhe, Yavarous, Chamran, Chenab, Karun, Sameere were taken Agricultural Jihad Organization of the province. Features include ash, moisture, total protein, dry and wet gluten and Zeleny number of according to the method adopted by the AACC, were determined. Hectoliter also using the hectoliter meter, 1000 grain with automatic seed counter and density using a pycnometer were determined. The statistical analysis was conducted based on completely randomized design with Minitab 16. Fisher's LSD test for comparing means at 5% was used.Result: The results of chemical properties, physical and Qualitative indicate significant differences (P£0.05) of wheat. In other words, the features varying based on the wheat varieties. So that the moisture content in the range of 7.8 to 9.69%, ash content in the range of 1.43 to 1.93%, protein content ranged from13.17 to 14.87%, the density in the range of 725 to 751 kg. m, hectoliter weight in the range of 73.14 to 80.87 kg, the weight of 1000 seed treatments in the range of 24.4 to 42.13 gr, zeleny value in the range of 9.26 to 15 ml, wet gluten content in the range 32.91 to 42.07% and dry gluten content of treatments in the range 12.04 to 18.86%, respectively.Conclusion: These results indicate that the majority of wheat varieties of the province Khuzestan are common wheat. The Quality of bread making of this kind of wheat isn’t good. The flour quality of those is not good, and the breads of them are staling very soon. Hence it is necessary to enrich the flours. Some varieties of Khuzestan wheat, alike Sameere and Yavarous have a better quality for bakery products.

The purpose of this research was to prepare nanocomposite film based on wheat gluten containing quercetin nanoliposome and zinc oxide nanoparticles and use it to package rainbow salmon; For this purpose, in this research, the effect of quercetin nanoliposome at the levels (0, 5, 10% by volume) and zinc oxide nanoparticles at the levels (0, 3, 6% by weight) using the response surface method in The central composite design template was investigated on the physicochemical properties of the nanocomposite film, and finally, the optimal sample was used in the packaging of rainbow salmon meat to check its properties during the storage period (0, 3 and 6 days). Also, the results of the research on packaged fish meat showed that the use of wheat gluten nanocomposite film containing 10% quercetin nanoliposomes and 6% zinc oxide nanoparticles led to a decrease in peroxide index, volatile nitrogen compounds index, thiobarbituric acid index and total microbial count during the storage period. Became. Also, no significant difference was observed in the fat of the examined samples, and the color of the packaged fish meat was duller than the control sample. Finally, according to the obtained results and investigations, the addition of 10% quercetin nanoliposome and 6% zinc oxide nanoparticles in the wheat gluten nanocomposite film formulation led to the improvement of the properties of the produced film and the properties of the packaged fish during the storage period.

Several crosses have done between local rice cultivars and improved varieties in order to improve and releas high yield withing cultivars with suitable quality characteristics during lastthree decates in Iran. A hybridization breeding program with high emphasis on quality started in 1985. In that program, two groups of riice cultivar (localaromatic cultivars and high yielding improved ones) werecrossed in all possible mating systems (complete dialllel crosses). Suitable crosses were sellected and segregating generation were handled based on the pedigree method. Quality analysis of the selected sigle plant and lines were done in each generation. Finally six promisiing high yielding lines with good cooking and eating qualities were obtained from Sang Tarom and Hassan sarai with Amol 3. One of them D2-12-54, showed superiority in sense of yield and quality, comparing to others improved cultivars as well as Amol 3 and Nemat cultivars. Quality and some important agronomy characteristics of D2-12-54 (Neda c.v.) are as follows: Amylose content 26.2 percent; gelatinization plant heigh 100 cm; panicle length 26cm; 1000 grain weight, 30gr; maturity length 130 days; average yield 8384 Kgha-1; resistant to blast and tollerant to stem borrer.

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric Characteristics of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.